Sweet varieties of sorghum are being used as a bioenergy crop. It is an important food crop in the semiarid tropics and it is commonly cultivated for feeding livestock in the americas and australia. This document is intended to provide background information on the biology of cultivated sorghum bicolor, its identity, geographical distribution, reproductive biology and ecology, related species, the potential for gene introgression from s. The crop is mainly grown in tropical and subtropical areas that are marginal and stress prone. Like most plants, it has the capacity to benefit from symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal am fungi, and its diverse genotypes likely vary in their responses. Moench is an important food source for the worlds poorest people who inhabit foodinsecure regions worldwide, and sorghum has unique properties that make it well suited for food use. Research article open access functional annotation of the. Young plants and suckers are dangerous, particularly when. It is a staple food for more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries, although maize has to some extent replaced its use in southern africa.
Moench is an accepted name this name is the accepted name of a species in the genus sorghum family poaceae. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of genetic diversity within and among sorghum germplasms collected. Sorghum contains hydrocyanic acid and the alkaloid hordenine. Genetic diversity assessment of sorghum sorghum bicolor l. The focus of this species page is on sorghum bicolor ssp. Less affected plants developed reproductively sterile panicles, and eventually smutted panicles. Laboratory enzyme assays were conducted using different sorghum aqueous leaf and stem extract concentrations at 0, 2. Bar represents one standard deviation from the mean n 3 replicates.
For sorghum sorghum bicolor, a subset of the sap casa et al. Grain sorghum is treated as an annual in temperate regions, although it is a perennial grass and in the tropics may be harvested many times. The goal of this research is the synthetic redesign of lipid metabolism in stalks for enhanced tag production and storage and to generate. Although sorghum has an ability to cope with many types of stresses, including heat, drought, salinity and flooding 6, in arid and semiarid regions, this crop is usually affected by drought stress at the post flowering stage of growth 75. Sorghum bicolor is cultivated in many parts of the world today. Shared genetic control of root system architecture between. Pollenmediated transformation of sorghum bicolor plants. It is especially adapted to grow in dry areas but, being so rich in diversity, it also grows well in temperate and high altitude environments. Moench sorghum is considered the camel of the crops, a true testament to its hardiness and ability to grow in dry, nutrientpoor soils and withstand prolonged droughts. Sorghum is one of africas greatest contributions to the worlds agricultural diversity, and is a traditional. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for subspecies profiles. The results showed that the spiked sr significantly increased the height and the stem biomass weight of the plant. Aug 30, 2019 sorghum bicolor is treated in a broad sense here. At the flowering time of the parental lines, total dry weight of plants including tillers was significantly greater in tentaka than in the parental lines grown at 3 and 12 mm n, but it was not different between them at 0.
The major reductions occurred in the internodes nearest the panicle and were more severe in naturally infected than in inoculated plants. Sorghum bicolor is an annual plant having its different parts widely used in tm. Sorghum bicolor manual of the alien plants of belgium. Sorghum is a staple food for more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries. Jul 30, 2019 mycorrhizal symbioses the union of roots and soil fungi are universal in terrestrial ecosystems and may have been fundamental to land colonization by plants 1, 2. The sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses. Moench were transformed by a novel genetic transformation approach using mild. The following databases may contain further information on this name. This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the.
Sorghum is a warm weather crop, and like corn should not be planted before 4 inch depth soil temperature reaches 55 f. Grain sorghum, mabele, amazimba, amabele origin and distribution sorghum is the 5th most important grain crop after wheat, maize, rice and barley. Mapping of qtls underlying flowering time in sorghum. Phytoremediation of strontium contaminated soil by sorghum bicolor l. Sorghum bicolor is an important crop providing food and fodder in the semiarid tropics of the world. Defining fertilization strategies for sorghum sorghum.
Sorghum originated in africa, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. The orbitosphenoid is the last chondral bone to appear. Sorghum is a genus with many species and subspecies, and there are several types of sorghum, including grain sorghums, grass sorghums for pasture and hay, sweet sorghums for syrups, and broomcorn. Improved growth and nutrition of sorghum sorghum bicolor plants in a lowfertility calcareous soil treated with plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria and feedta. Drought tolerance in sorghum is a complex trait influenced by many genes coding for. The head smut fungus, sporisorium reilianum kuhn landon and fullerton, was shown to reduce plant height in infected sorghum bicolor l. It is a staple food for more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries, although maize.
Sorghum carries out carbon fixation through the c4 pathway and is an ideal grass model for comparison with rice which uses the c3 pathway. All about growing sorghum organic gardening mother. Mabberley 2008 distinguishes eight major cultivar groups that partly correspond with a previously recognized infraspecific division of the species. Soil nutrient deficiency and rainfall variability impair the production of sorghum sorghum bicolor l. The record derives from wcsp which reports it as an accepted name record 443283 with original publication details. Sorghum bicolor has a haploid chromosome number of 10, containing 530 mb with 33,000 proteincoding genes. Sorghum, an african grass related to sugar cane and maize, is grown for food, feed, fibre and fuel. The ancestral gene content in these regio a total number of unigenes were identified as being differentially regulated in maritime pine roots during the development of mycorrhiza. The species is hermaphrodite has both male and female organs and is pollinated by wind.
Sorghum bicolor sorghum, common wild sorghum, grain sorghum. Growth properties and biomass production in the hybrid c4. The low availability of micronutrients such as zinc zn and iron fe and macronutrients phosphorus p, in particular in calcareous soils adversely affects plants such as sorghum sorghum. With the exception of millet, sorghum is the cereal best adapted to waterlimited environments and ranks amongst the most drought tolerant of all crops grown in the u. Sorghum bicolor is a annual growing to 5 m 16ft 5in at a fast rate. Moench is cultivated across the world for food and fodder. Aphis has determined that sorghum itself is not a plant pest, no organisms used as. Mycorrhizal symbioses the union of roots and soil fungi are universal in terrestrial ecosystems and may have been fundamental to land colonization by plants 1, 2. Moench is an important resource to the national economy and it is essential to assess the genetic diversity in existing sorghum germplasm for better conservation, utilization and crop improvement. Mabberley 2008 distinguishes eight major cultivar groups that partly correspond with a. Diverse sorghum bicolor accessions show marked variation.
A set of 144 f 2 plants were developed from the cross between kikuchi zairai japan, lateflowering cultivar and sc112 ethiopia, earlyflowering cultivar selected from a diversity research set of sorghum germplasm shehzad et al. Sorghum bicolor plant finder missouri botanical garden. Sorghum is the worlds fifthmost important cereal crop after. Patil, in genetic enhancement of rabi sorghum, 2015. Significant differences from controls p sorghum bicolor, native to africa with many cultivated forms now, is an important crop worldwide, used for food as grain and in sorghum syrup or sorghum molasses, animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels. Sorghum bicolor is a widely grown cereal crop, particularly in africa, ranking 5th in global cereal production. Globally, it produces approximately 70 million tons of grain from about 50 million ha o f land. Kowal, department of botany, university of wisconsinmadison. Arabidopsis thaliana, sorghum bicolor, and escherichia coli k12. The diploid genome 730 mb has a haploid chromosome number of 10. Plant 1 to 2 inches deep about 10 to 15 inches apart in rows 24 to 36 inches apart. Sorghum is an important crop grown worldwide for feed and fibre.
Pdf improved growth and nutrition of sorghum sorghum. Sorghum is known as guineacorn, dawa, or sorgho in west africa, durra in the sudan. For details on growing many other vegetables and fruits, visit our crop at a glance collection page. Moench is an indigenous crop to africa, and though commercial needs and uses may change over time, sorghum will remain a basic staple food for many rural communities. Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of sorghum sorghum. Moench is regarded as an attractive feedstock for bioenergy because of its capacity for high biomass production under rainfed conditions on marginal soils. Dec 22, 2018 sorghum is an important crop grown worldwide for feed and fibre.
It is also used as biofuel crop and potential cellulosic feedstock. Diverse sorghum bicolor accessions show marked variation in. The plants database includes the following 3 subspecies of sorghum bicolor. Ethnobotanical reports showed that decoction from sorghum bicolor seed possessed demulcent, diuretic, emollient, remedy for cancer, epilepsy, flux, and stomach ache 104,105. Moench is cultivated as a major food crop in several countries in south asia, africa, and central america. Sorghum plants were grown hydroponically at different n levels in a temperaturecontrolled glasshouse. Young plants and suckers are dangerous, particularly when suffering from drought. Some sorghum varieties are rich in antioxidants and all sorghum varieties are glutenfree and attractive alternatives for those who suffer from wheat allergy harris. It is a very variable species with numerous cultivars. Sorghum is also planted for cattle fodder and other purposes.
Please click on any button to follow a link to that database. Seedling growth of phaseolus radiatus and sorghum bicolor exposed to silver ions in a agar medium for 2 d and in soil for 5 d for b phaseolus radiatus and c sorghum bicolor. Growth characteristics also vary depending on the location grown, inputs, and agronomic practices. Jan 29, 2009 sorghum, an african grass related to sugar cane and maize, is grown for food, feed, fibre and fuel. Effect of silver nanoparticles in crop plants phaseolus.
Sorghum bicolor was domesticated in africa 3000 years ago barkworth, 2003. Sexual incompatibility and shortage of available genes. The aim is to study the environmental factors that can determine the effect of fertilizer application on sorghum grain yield and to formulate tailored fertilization strategies according to sorghum varieties hybrid and open pollinated improved varieties and. Sorghum is considered the camel of the crops, a true testament to its hardiness and ability to grow in dry, nutrientpoor soils and withstand prolonged droughts.
Significant differences from controls p pdf pollenmediated transformation of sorghum bicolor plants pollen from sorghum sorghum bicolor l. One of the few grains that can be used as a wheat substitute in glutenfree recipes and products, this is an important food crop in africa, central america, and south asia, and is the fifthmost important cereal crop grown in the world. Sometimes plants accumulate toxic levels of nitrate morton, 1981. Request pdf pollenmediated transformation of sorghum bicolor plants pollen from sorghum sorghum bicolor l.
The record derives from wcsp data supplied on 20120323 which reports it as an accepted name record 443283 with original publication details. Raising seedlings of sorghum seeds of sorghum sorghum bicolor l. The plant list does not attempt to include all infraspecific taxa. It can produce tillers adventitious stems originating from the plant base but not rhizomes.
The latter is especially true in the more drought prone areas of south africa where this hardy crop provides better household food security than maize. Sorghum, sorghum bicolor, also called great millet, indian millet, milo, durra, or shallu, cereal grain plant of the grass family poaceae and its edible starchy seeds. Sorghum is considered headed figure 5 when panicles are visible on 50 percent of the plants in the field. Moench is an excellent model for the study of plant response to abiotic stress, particularly drought stress. The first recorded appearance of sorghum in europe was in the first century a. As described, trsbgl0ls transgenic sorghum sorghum biocolor, moench ssp.
It is in flower from august to october, and the seeds ripen from september to october. Sexual incompatibility and shortage of available genes in germplasm to combat biotic and abiotic stresses resulted in marginalized yields of this crop. The plant likely originated in africa, where it is a major food crop, and has numerous varieties, including grain sorghums, used for food. Mapping of qtls underlying flowering time in sorghum sorghum. It is typically grown in semiarid regions that are not suitable for cultivation of other major cereals. Implication of gibberellins in head smut sporisorium.
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